The book was one of the cycle of the works by N., on the early history of Rome and Italy. Despite its title, it was on the Roman religion which was interpreted as a part of the social life. The first chapter is on social aspects of the most ancient religious views of Romans. The second chapter is on Goddesses-Mothers, and the matriarchal cults of ancient Italy. Then the author describes the cults of Jupiter, Mars, Quirinus, and their role in the military democracy of Early Rome. The shaping of the Roman State is studied through the prism of evolution of cults and priests collegia. The book is closed with chapters on ideology and moral of the Roman society, the sources of the Roman literature and the art of theatre.